Leej twg pom Grapes? Pov Thawj, Keeb Kwm thiab Keeb Kwm

Tsis muaj leej twg paub pom txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo qus muaj nyob ntev ua ntej tib neeg, thiab cov zej zog thaum ntxov tau sau lawv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ua ntej sau npe lossis cov ntawv sau keeb kwm tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas thawj tus neeg xaiv. Cov lus nug yuav teb tau tsuas yog tom qab nws tau muab faib ua peb qhov sib txawv: nrhiav cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo qus, nqa cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo los ntawm kev cog qoob loo, thiab tawm cov pov thawj uas muaj sia nyob rau cov kws tshawb fawb lossis cov kws tshawb fawb caj ces los kawm.

Cov pov thawj tam sim no tsis txhawb nqa ib tus neeg tsim khoom, ib lub zos tiag tiag, lossis ib lub sijhawm tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam thaum txiv hmab txiv ntoo los ua qoob loo. Kev tshawb fawb Genomic luam tawm xyoo 2023 tau hais txog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm 11,000 xyoo dhau los hauv Western Asia thiab Caucasus. Archaeological chemistry tau txheeb xyuas cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo -cov pov thawj cawv los ntawm cov chaw nyob rau tam sim no- hnub Georgia hnub tim rau kwv yees li 6000–5800 BCE. Cov kev tshawb pom no piav txog cov pejxeem, thaj tsam, thiab cov pov thawj qab ntug; tsis nrhiav npe thawj tus tib neeg uas noj, xaiv, cog, lossis fermented txiv hmab txiv ntoo.

Yog vim li cas "Leej twg" Yog Lub Tsev Keeb Kwm Tsis Zoo

Ib tug neeg tuaj yeem nrhiav tau ib lub koog pov txwv yav dhau los uas tsis paub, piav qhia txog hom kev tshawb fawb, lossis yug lub npe hu ua cultivar. Ib qho txiv hmab txiv ntoo tshwm sim txawv. Tib neeg thiab cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo qus tau sib tshooj ntawm thaj chaw rau ntau tiam neeg, thiab kev paub txog cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo tuaj yeem dhau los ntawm tsev neeg yam tsis tau nkag mus rau cov ntawv nyeem. Nug ib tus neeg nrhiav tau tsim cov ntawv pov thawj niaj hnub no -zoo li zaj dab neeg ntawm kev siv khoom noj ua ntej keeb kwm.

Domestication kuj tsis yog ib qho kev ua. Cov neeg tuaj yeem xub sau cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, tiv thaiv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, txav mus los, xaiv cov nroj tsuag nrog cov paj uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los yog cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo zoo, nthuav tawm cov khoom nyiam, thiab pauv nrog cov neeg nyob sib ze. Cov pej xeem lom neeg hloov pauv ntawm kev xaiv rov ua dua. Tsis muaj ib lub sij hawm yuav tsum cais "tsiaj qus" los ntawm "domesticated" nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev uas yuav cia ib tug historian muab ib tug discoverer daim ntawv pov thawj.

Cov ntaub ntawv sau tuaj txog lig piv nrog cov haujlwm ntawd. Cov ntawv nyeem tuaj yeem qhia tau tias ib haiv neeg paub txiv hmab txiv ntoo lossis cawv thaum lub sijhawm cov ntawv tsim tawm. Nws tsis tuaj yeem ua pov thawj tias tus sau, tus kav, lossis kab lis kev cai muaj npe hauv daim ntawv thawj zaug pom cov txiv ntoo. Cov duab, cov hlab ntsha, cov noob, ntoo, cov khoom seem, cov cuab yeej, kev sib haum xeeb ecology, thiab DNA muab cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv ntawm keeb kwm, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg qhia lub npe ntawm tus tsiaj thawj zaug.

    Kev thov-xeem piv txwv:Ib lub vev xaib hais tias, "Cov neeg hauv Georgia nrhiav tau txiv hmab hauv 6000 BCE." Cov kev tiv thaiv tau nqaim dua: cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshaj tawm cov txiv hmab thaum ntxov- cov pov thawj cawv hauv cov lauj kaub tais diav los ntawm cov chaw Neolithic tam sim no - hnub Georgia, yos txog 6000-5800 BCE. Cov pov thawj txhawb nqa qhov chaw, kwv yees lub sijhawm, thiab kev ua haujlwm. Nws tsis tau txheeb xyuas thawj tus neeg noj txiv hmab txiv ntoo lossis ua pov thawj tias cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo tsis paub txhua qhov chaw.

Peb lo lus nug zais hauv "Discovered Grapes"

Thawj yog keeb kwm ntuj: qhov twg cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo qus tshwm sim ua ntej cog? Rau cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo Eurasian, cov kws tshawb fawb sib piv cultivatedCov viniferasubsp.viniferanrog nws cov txheeb ze qus, feem ntau xaiv subsp.sylvestri. Lo lus nug no cuam tshuam txog kev faib khoom thiab kev hloov pauv, tsis yog tib neeg nrhiav pom. Lwm hom Vitis kuj muaj nyob rau hauv Asia thiab North America, yog li "grapes" yog dav dua ib hom qoob loo Eurasian.

Qhov thib ob yog tib neeg siv: thaum twg cov zej zog tau sau cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, noj lawv, ziab lawv, ferment lawv, lossis tswj cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo? Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj rau ib qho kev siv tsis tuaj yeem ua pov thawj rau lwm tus. Cov tshuaj residue zoo ib yam nrog txiv hmab txiv ntoo cawv txhawb kev siv fermented hauv ib lub nkoj thiab cov ntsiab lus. Ib lub noob sib dhos txhawb nqa lub xub ntiag ntawm grapes. Tsis yog ib leeg ua qauv qhia txog kev tswj hwm vaj txiv hmab tag nrho lossis qhov tseeb ntawm caj ces ntawm txhua lub vine.

Qhov thib peb yog domestication: thaum twg thiab qhov twg tau txhawb nqa tib neeg xaiv tsim cov neeg cog qoob loo nrog cov cwj pwm qub uas txawv ntawm cov neeg qus? Lo lus nug no siv archaeobotany, noob zoo, noob caj noob ces, paj biology, geography, thiab qauv ntawm divergence. Nws cov lus teb tuaj yeem hloov pauv raws li cov ntaub ntawv nthuav dav lossis kev ntsuas kev xav tau txhim kho. Qhov kev kwv yees hnub tim yog ib qho pov thawj -raws li qauv, tsis yog lub sij hawm los ntawm daim ntawv teev npe.

Khaws cov lus nug no cais thaum sau daim ntawv lo, daim ntawv pov thawj, cov khoom lag luam, lossis cov neeg yuav khoom nthuav qhia. "Zaj keeb kwm," "thaum siv," "domestication," "cultivar yug me nyuam," thiab "kev lag luam keeb kwm" tsis hloov pauv. Kev xa khoom ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo khov khov tuaj yeem ntim rau hauv Suav teb los ntawm ib lub npe hu ua cultivar zus nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam; tsis muaj leej twg tsim qhov twg cov hom txiv hmab txiv ntoo tau siv thawj zaug.

Dab tsi Archaeology tuaj yeem ua kom pom tseeb

Archaeologists ua hauj lwm nrog cov muaj sia nyob. Grape pips tuaj yeem ntsuas thiab muab piv nrog cov ntaub ntawv siv. Ntoo ntoo tuaj yeem qhia tau tias muaj los yog tswj cov vines. Lub lauj kaub tais diav tuaj yeem khaws cov tshuaj lom neeg. Kev daws qhov chaw, qhov chaw cia khoom, cov cuab yeej, cov nroj tsuag cuam tshuam, thiab rov pom dua cov txheej txheem pab tsim cov ntsiab lus. Txhua kab ntawv pov thawj muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev khaws cia tsis zoo thiab qib sib txawv ntawm qhov tseeb.

CovPNAS txoj kev kawm ntawm Early Neolithic qhov chaw hauv South Caucasusqhia txog biomolecular archaeological thiab archaeobotanical pov thawj rau txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab viniculture nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo txhiab xyoo BCE. Cov ntsiab lus txheeb xyuas suav nrog Gadachrili Gora thiab Shulaveris Gora nyob rau tam sim no -hnub Georgia. Qhov no yog ib qho pov thawj tseem ceeb rau kev siv txiv hmab thaum ntxov thiab cawv, tab sis cov kws tshawb fawb tsis tau thov kom rov qab tau lub npe hu ua discoverer.

"Cov pov thawj ntxov tshaj plaws" yuav tsum nqa cov lus nyob ntsiag to "tam sim no txheeb xyuas thiab hnub tim." Cov khoom siv los ntawm kev ua haujlwm dhau los yuav tsis muaj sia nyob, yuav raug faus, lossis tseem tsis tau lees paub. Organic txiv hmab txiv ntoo nqaij disappears yooj yim. Ib lub zej zog tuaj yeem siv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo qus yam tsis muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ruaj khov, thiab cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo uas tswj tau tuaj yeem tawm cov noob uas nyuaj rau kev txheeb xyuas kom ntseeg tau tias yog cov tsiaj qus lossis cog qoob loo.

Noob morphology ntxiv cov pov thawj muaj txiaj ntsig, tab sis nws tsis yog lub cim cim thoob ntiaj teb. Amorphometric kawm txog niaj hnub thiab archaeological grape noobpom tias daim ntawv pip tuaj yeem pab txheeb xyuas kev sib raug zoo hauv tsev thiab kev sib raug zoo li cas. Tus nqi yog nyob rau hauv cov pej xeem sib piv thiab archaeological ntsiab lus, tsis nyob rau hauv kev kho ib tug cais pip raws li ib tug tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm.

    Cov pov thawj- piv txwv qeb:Cov pa roj carbonized tau rov qab los ntawm cov txheej hnub qub, ib lub thawv los ntawm tib qhov chaw muaj tartaric -cov pov thawj acid, thiab cov ntoo vine tshwm nyob rau ntau theem kev ua haujlwm. Ua ke, cov kev soj ntsuam no txhawb nqa tus account muaj zog ntawm kev siv txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntau dua li cov noob xoob uas tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus ruaj ntseg. Txwv qhov xaus rau qhov kev sib koom ua ke pom tuaj yeem txhawb nqa.

Dab tsi Genetics Ntxiv rau Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm

Cov noob caj noob ces tuaj yeem sib piv cov tsiaj qus thiab cog qoob loo, kwv yees kev sib raug zoo, txheeb xyuas cov noob ntws, thiab cov qauv sib txawv. Nws tuaj yeem kuaj seb qhov yooj yim ib zaug - keeb kwm keeb kwm haum rau cov ntaub ntawv. Nws tseem tsis tau qhia tus kheej tus kheej ntawm tus thawj cultivator. Cov txiaj ntsig yog nyob ntawm cov qauv vines, qhov kev nkag mus tau zoo li cas, kev hloov pauv kev xav, lub sijhawm tiam, thiab tus qauv ntsuas.

Ib tug loj2023 Kev tshawb fawb txog kev hloov pauv ntawm grapevinesoj ntsuam ib thaj chaw loj sau thiab tau npaj ib txhij domestication txog 11,000 xyoo dhau los nyob rau hauv Western Asia thiab Caucasus, yielding lineages txuam nrog lub rooj thiab wine grapes. Nws kuj tau taug qab kev sib cais nrog cov neeg ua liaj ua teb thaum ntxov thiab tom qab sib xyaw nrog cov tsiaj qus sab hnub poob. Tus qauv ntawd hloov qhov zoo ib yam - zaj dab neeg qhov chaw nrog keeb kwm hauv cheeb tsam sib txuas.

Kev ua haujlwm genomic yav dhau los tau mus txog qhov sib xws tab sis cov ntsiab lus tsawg dua. Akawm txog ntau tshaj 1,000 cultivated thiab wild grape accessionstxhawb nqa ib tug ze Eastern keeb kwm rau cultivatedvinifera, pom cov pov thawj ntawm introgression li txiv hmab txiv ntoo tsiv mus rau Tebchaws Europe, thiab piav qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm clonal thiab pedigree ntawm cultivars. Tus qauv tom qab ntxiv qhov kev daws teeb meem es tsis lees paub qhov yooj yim ib qho - cov lus dab neeg.

Vegetative propagation ua rau grape keeb kwm tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nthuav. Ib tsob ntoo muaj txiaj ntsig tuaj yeem muab luam tawm los ntawm kev txiav, khaws cia ntau yam ntawm nws cov caj ces ntawm ntau lub voj voog loj hlob. Somatic kev hloov pauv, hla, kev xaiv, kev lag luam, thiab hloov npe tom qab ntawd tsim kom muaj kev sib txuas ntawm cov qoob loo thiab cov lus sib txuas. Qhov tshwm sim yog poj koob yawm txwv kis thoob plaws hauv zej zog thiab ntau pua xyoo, tsis yog ib txoj kab ncaj nraim los ntawm ib tus neeg tsim muaj koob meej.

Yog vim li cas 6000 BCE thiab 11,000-Xyoo cov duab sib txawv

Cov duab ntsuas qhov sib txawv. 6000–5800 BCE ntau yam yog hnub rau kev soj ntsuam archaeological contexts nqa pov thawj ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo nyob rau hauv tam sim no -hnub Georgia. Qhov kwv yees kwv yees li ntawm 11,000 xyoo kev txhawj xeeb txog kev sib txawv ntawm genomic thiab cov qauv hauv tsev nyob thoob plaws cov pejxeem. Ib hnub residue tsis yog qhov pib ntawm domestication, thiab kev kwv yees caj ces tsis yog lub thawv hnub tim.

    Piv txwv ua haujlwm:Txhawm rau nthuav qhia 6000 BCE txheeb ze rau 2026 CE, ntxiv 6, 000 + 2,026 thiab rho tawm ib qho vim tias cov kab ke BCE / CE tsis muaj xyoo xoom. Qhov tshwm sim yog hais txog 8,025 xyoo daim ntawv qhia hnub. Rounding hais tias "kwv yees li 8,000 xyoo dhau los" yog qhov tsim nyog; hu nws raws nraim 8,025 xyoo ua ntej hnub sau qoob tshwj xeeb qhia meej tias hnub archaeological tsis muaj.

Hnub tim hom lus yuav tsum sib phim txoj kev. Siv "kev sib tham txog kwv yees," "qhov kev tshawb fawb kwv yees," lossis "cov pov thawj qhia los ntawm." Tsis txhob nthuav qhia lub hnub nyoog ua qauv hauv tsev raws li lub sijhawm teem caij nyoog. Tsis tas li ntawd zam kev kho lub xyoo tshaj tawm raws li hnub uas cov xwm txheej keeb kwm dhau los ua qhov tseeb; luam tawm cov cim thaum tshawb fawb tau nkag mus rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv.

Cov kev tshawb pom tshiab tuaj yeem txav cov pov thawj paub lub qab ntug yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam txog kev qhuab qhia hauv qab. Yog tias qhov chaw ruaj ntseg hnub tim dhau los tau tshaj tawm, qhov hloov tshiab raug yog tias cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntxov tshaj plaws tau hloov pauv. Nws tsis tau txhais hais tias txhua lub zej zog kawm tau txiv hmab txiv ntoo los ntawm qhov chaw ntawd, thiab tsis yog ib lub tebchaws niaj hnub no tuaj yeem thov tswv cuab ntawm txhua qhov kev sib txawv ntawm Vitis.

Grape History Loj dua Vitis vinifera

Ntau lub rooj lag luam, raisin, thiab wine grapes feem ntau yog rauCov vinifera, uas piav qhia vim li cas Eurasian domestication dominates zaj dab neeg paub. Txawm li cas los xij, cov genus suav nrog ntau hom tsiaj nrog cov keeb kwm ntuj tsim hauv Asia thiab North America. Native American hom txiv hmab txiv ntoo tau paub thiab siv hauv zos ua ntej cov neeg nyob sab Europe tau qhia txog Eurasian vines. Ib lo lus nug thoob ntiaj teb txog "cov txiv hmab" tuaj yeem tshem tawm kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm hom txiv hmab txiv ntoo.

Hom tsiaj kuj tseem ceeb hauv kev yug me nyuam. Hybrids tuaj yeem ua ke cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo zoo nrog kev tiv thaiv lossis kev hloov pauv huab cua los ntawm lwm cov kev pab cuam caj ces Vitis. Lub npe lag luam tuaj yeem zais ib qho kev pedigree tshwj tsis yog tias muaj ntau yam raug txheeb xyuas kom raug. Cov lus teb keeb kwm yuav tsum yog li ntawd qhia seb nws txhais tau tias Eurasian cultivated grapevine, ib hom, ib tug cultivar, los yog grape siv nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam.

Txawm nyob hauvvinifera, wine grapes, table grapes, thiab raisin grapes tau zoo li tus los ntawm ntau yam kev xaiv ua ntej. Berry loj, daim tawv nqaij, seedlessness, tsw, pab pawg neeg daim ntawv, thauj tus cwj pwm, thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg sib txawv los ntawm kev siv. Lo lus "grape" tsis piav txog ib qho kev tsim kho tib neeg. Nws piav qhia txog tsev neeg lom neeg thiab kev lag luam dav dav zoo li los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntev.

Qhov no kuj yog vim li cas lub cultivar lub npe yuav tsum tsis txhob muab xam los ntawm cov xim los yog kev lag luam duab. Covntsuab -grape xim qhiacais genetic xim hom ntawm maturity thiab mob. Keeb kwm tus kheej xav tau kev qhuab qhia zoo sib xws: saib xyuas qhov zoo, siv cov ntaub ntawv, thiab hais txog qib uas cov pov thawj siv.

Los ntawm Domestication mus rau npe Cultivars

Ib lub npe hu ua cultivar tej zaum yuav muaj ib tug yug me nyuam, xaiv keeb kwm, sau tseg ntoo khaub lig, lub zos synonym, los yog lees paub tus saib xyuas. Qhov ntawd yog ib lo lus nug txawv ntawm leej twg nrhiav tau txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Qee cov cultivar pedigrees tuaj yeem rov tsim dua nrog cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov cim caj ces; lwm tus tseem tsis paub meej vim hais tias cov khoom zoo ib yam tau mus los ntawm cov npe sib txawv lossis cov vines sib txawv sib koom ib lub npe hauv zos.

CovInternational Organization of Vine and Wine ntau yam -identification protocolpiav qhia txog vim li cas kev lag luam ntau tus kheej xav tau kev sib raug zoo ntawm ampelographic cim thiab cov cim caj ces. Nws sau tseg tias cov lus sib txawv hauv zos ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv kev lag luam thiab teeb tsa cov ntaub ntawv xav tau suav nrog keeb kwm, tus yug me nyuam qhov tsim nyog, xav siv, piav qhia cov cim, thiab cov cim genotypic.

Rau ib tug neeg yuav khoom, "Ancient grape" tsis yog ib qho kev soj ntsuam cov khoom piav qhia. Cov ntaub ntawv yuav khoom muaj txiaj ntsig txheeb xyuas cov neeg cog qoob loo lossis pawg pom zoo, keeb kwm, qoob loo, daim ntawv txiv hmab txiv ntoo, cov noob raws li txoj cai, lub hom phiaj kom loj hlob, pob, khaws cia, thiab ntau code. Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tuaj yeem txhawb cov dab neeg, tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv rau tus kheej thiab lees paub pov thawj.

    Piv txwv tus kheej:Ib tus neeg muag khoom muab "cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntsuab" hauv ob lub npe hauv cheeb tsam. Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo zoo ib yam, tab sis ib lub npe yog cov lus sib dhos hauv zos thiab lwm qhov yog rau lwm hom qoob loo uas muaj qhov muag muag zoo nkauj. Tus neeg yuav khoom thov lub npe tseem ceeb, cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, cov qauv neeg sawv cev, thiab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj pom zoo ua ntej pom zoo ib qho khoom siv. Qhov kev txiav txim siab yog raws li kev lag luam tus kheej, tsis yog lub npe twg zoo dua qub.

Yuav Sau Li Cas Los Tiv Thaiv Grape - Keeb Kwm Thov

Pib nrog lub npe. Puas yog koj piav txog cov tsiaj qus Eurasian grapevines, domesticatedCov vinifera, rooj grapes, grape wine, ib cultivar, los yog ntau muag? Tom qab ntawd sau npe cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj: archaeological residue, cov nroj tsuag seem, genomic qauv, sau cov ntaub ntawv, cov ntaub ntawv yug me nyuam, los yog cov khoom xa tuaj traceability. Qhov kev thov yuav pom tseeb sai li sai tau thaum nws cov khoom thiab cov pov thawj sib tw.

Tom ntej no, muab qhov geographic scale. "Tam sim no-hnub Georgia" piav qhia qhov chaw ntawm cov chaw qub txeeg qub teg yam tsis tau npaj ciam teb niaj hnub hloov mus rau hauv Neolithic. "Western Asia thiab Caucasus" qhia txog lub cheeb tsam ntawm tus qauv genomic. "Tuam Tshoj keeb kwm" ntawm cov khoom xa tuaj ib txwm piav qhia qhov twg cov qoob loo lag luam tau cog lossis ntim khoom; nws tsis yog ib nqe lus hais txog hom domestication.

Siv qhov peev txheej ntawm qhov tseeb. "Tshaj tawm," "txhawb," thiab "raws li" khaws cia tsis raug cai. "Ua pov thawj mus ib txhis" lossis "qhov chaw yug nkaus xwb" feem ntau mus tshaj li cov pej xeem thiab cov ntaub ntawv archaeological tsim tau. Qhia hnub kawm thaum tshawb fawb tuaj yeem hloov pauv, thiab txuas cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb kom cov nyeem tuaj yeem pom qhov ntsuas tau.

Thaum kawg, tshem tus neeg dag. Ib kab lus xws li "Neolithic cov zej zog nyob rau sab qab teb Caucasus tshuav cov pov thawj ntxov ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo" yog cov ntaub ntawv. Kev tsim vaj ntxwv, neeg ua liaj ua teb, lossis zaj dab neeg fermentation yuam kev yam tsis muaj pov thawj ntxiv xim ntawm tus nqi ntawm qhov tseeb. Legends tuaj yeem nthuav tawm raws li cov lus dab neeg, sau meej meej thiab cais tawm ntawm cov lus teb pov thawj.

Keeb Kwm txhais li cas rau Frozen -Grape Buyers

Keeb kwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam thaum nws txhim kho tus kheej, traceability, lossis kev lees paub tswj. Nws tsis tau txiav txim siab seb puas khov ntau yuav khiav zoo ntawm kab. Rau qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawd, peb yuav cais cov cuab yeej cuab tam nqe lus los ntawm cov khoom specification. Covkhov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntau yammuab cov ntsiab lus hauv qeb, thaum lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo yuav tsum txhais cov khoom siv tiag tiag.

Sau cov qoob loo, cog qoob loo, xyoo qoob loo, qoob loo kom loj hlob, tag nrho lossis txiav daim ntawv, cov txheej txheem ntawm cov noob, cov khoom xyaw, glazing yog tias muaj, pob, qhov kub thiab txias, thiab ntau traceability. Tom qab ntawd teeb tsa tus neeg yuav khoom-faus cov tshev: Berry loj faib, xim ntau yam, dawb- ntws mob, clumps, xoob dej khov, splits, puas txiv hmab txiv ntoo, khoom txawv teb chaws, tsw, thawed texture, drip, thiab usable yield. Ib kab lus keeb kwm romantic tsis tuaj yeem daws qhov khov - lub xeev sib txawv.

Traceability yuav tsum txuas daim teb los yog raw - cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv rau hnub tsim khoom, ntim code, cia, thiab xa khoom xa tuaj. XMSD covcov ntaub ntawv qhia txog kev soj ntsuam samplingqhia tau hais tias qhov kev npaj txais yuav hloov cov kev soj ntsuam cov khoom mus rau hauv ntau ntau -cov pov thawj qib. Saib xyuas tam sim nocov ntaub ntawv pov thawjcais; Daim ntawv pov thawj Scope yog ib tus neeg muab khoom siv - kev tsim nyog cov tswv yim thiab tsis muaj pov thawj ntawm kev thov archaeological.

    B2B specification piv txwv:Ib lub khw muag khoom xav tau "cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntsuab thaum ub" ntawm pob. Pab neeg ua lag luam ua ntej txheeb xyuas lub npe cog qoob loo, cov lus tso cai pov thawj, cog qoob loo, pov thawj rau cov cuab yeej cuab tam, thiab seb cov khoom khov puas tseem nyob ib leeg -cultivar. QA tom qab ntawd pom zoo cov xim tiag tiag, qhov loj me, cov xwm txheej ntawm cov noob, qhov tsis xws luag, thaw txoj kev, thiab daim ntawv lo lus. Yog tias cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj cultivar tsis tiav, lub pob siv lub npe muaj tseeb es tsis yog cov lus cog tseg ntawm caj ces.

Rau cov pob khoom muaj npe, khaws cov duab kos nrog cov khoom kos npe. Covtus kheej -label txoj kevyog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thaum cov khoom lag luam yog tus kheej, kev lag luam lo lus, pob loj, lub luag haujlwm kos duab, thiab cov qauv kev lees paub tau txiav txim siab. Ib txoj kab kev tiv thaiv keeb kwm yuav tsum muaj sia nyob tib yam kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv raws li cov khoom muaj lossis cov lus qhia keeb kwm.

Ib Daim Ntawv Pov Thawj Ua Haujlwm

Siv plaub theem thaum tshuaj xyuas cov ntsiab lus keeb kwm. Qib ib yog ib zaj dab neeg nrov uas tsis muaj pov thawj; kho nws raws li tus thawj coj, tsis yog qhov tseeb. Qib ob yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas hais txog kev tshawb fawb; pab tau rau kev taw qhia, tab sis ua raws li nws cov lus qhia. Qib peb yog ib qho kev kawm thawj zaug nrog cov qauv sau tseg, txoj hauv kev, hnub tim, thiab kev txwv. Qib plaub yog cov khoom lag luam- cov pov thawj tshwj xeeb xws li kev txheeb xyuas ntau yam, cov ntaub ntawv ua liaj ua teb, ntau qhov kev tshawb nrhiav, cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb, thiab cov txiaj ntsig tshuaj xyuas.

Cov theem teb cov kev txiav txim sib txawv. Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm qub qub tuaj yeem txhawb nqa cov ntawv keeb kwm kev kawm, tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem lees paub qhov khov tam sim no - txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Ntau cov ntaub ntawv traceability tuaj yeem txhawb nqa cov khoom xa tuaj, tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem tsim tsa tib neeg thawj zaug siv txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Kev sib txuas lus muaj zog xaiv cov pov thawj qib uas yog los ntawm kev thov.

Thaum cov pov thawj tsis sib haum, sau qhov tsis sib haum xeeb. Ib qho kev tshawb fawb yuav kwv yees lub sij hawm domestication; Lwm tus tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas qhov kev siv hnub tim; ib feem peb tuaj yeem hloov kho kev sib raug zoo ntawm pej xeem. Tsis txhob nruab nrab tsis zoo li cov duab. Nug seb txhua tus lej twg yog qhov twg, cov khoom siv twg raug kuaj, qhov tsis paub tseeb tau tshaj tawm, thiab seb qhov kev txiav txim siab puas siv tau rau hom, pejxeem, cultivar, lossis ntau yam khoom.

Cov ntaiv no kuj ua rau kev hloov tshiab yooj yim dua. Ib qho kev hloov archaeological horizon yuav tsum tau kho cov kab lus keeb kwm thiab siv, tsis yog khov - cov khoom txwv kev lees paub. Kev kho cov kab mob cultivar yuav xav tau daim ntawv lo, traceability, thiab cov neeg yuav khoom txawm hais tias cov keeb kwm kev loj hlob hauv tsev tseem tsis hloov pauv.

Teb kawg ntawm XMSD

Tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Wild vines predate tib neeg cultivation, thiab prehistoric cov zej zog ntsib, siv, xaiv, thiab tsiv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo nyob rau lub sij hawm ntev. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws niaj hnub no yog thaj tsam thiab cov pov thawj- tshwj xeeb: kev tshawb fawb genomic txhawb nqa kev ua haujlwm thaum ntxov nyob rau sab hnub poob Asia thiab Caucasus, thaum muaj kev ruaj ntseg hnub tim archaeological ua hauj lwm cov ntaub ntawv txiv hmab txiv ntoo - cawv nyob rau tam sim no - hnub Georgia nyob ib ncig ntawm 6000-5800 BCE.

Tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj qhia txog thawj tus neeg noj txiv hmab txiv ntoo, tus cog qoob loo, lossis cov neeg ua cawv txiv hmab. "Cov pov thawj ntxov tshaj plaws pom txog tam sim no" tsis zoo ib yam li "thawj qhov xwm txheej hauv keeb kwm." Cais cov keeb kwm qus, tib neeg siv, domestication, cultivar yug me nyuam, thiab coj mus muag qoob loo keeb kwm, ces hais qhov chaw uas haum rau daim ntawv thov.

Rau qhov khov tam sim no -txiv hmab txiv ntoo yuav, keeb kwm tuaj yeem qhia cov lus pov thawj ua tib zoo, tab sis qhov kev txiav txim siab tso tawm tseem yog tus kheej ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, ntau yam traceability, kev loj hlob, lub cev specification, khov thiab npaj tshuaj xyuas, ntim, thiab txias- cov pov thawj saw hlau.

Cov ntaub ntawv

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• Annals ntawm Botany: Evolution thiab Keeb Kwm ntawm Grapevine nyob rau hauv Domestication
• Lub Koom Haum International ntawm Vine thiab Wine: Txoj Cai rau Kev Qhia Txog Ntau Yam
• XMSD kev ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv khov-cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo tshuaj xyuas tus kheej, cov ntaub ntawv txheeb xyuas tau, npaj- lub xeev kev tshuaj xyuas, kev ntsuas pob, thiab kev txhim kho tus neeg yuav khoom.